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Evolution of Tribunal system in India
‘Tribunal’ is an
administrative body established for the purpose of discharging quasi-judicial
duties. An Administrative Tribunal is neither a Court nor an executive body. It
stands somewhere midway between a Court and an administrative body. The exigencies
of the situation proclaiming the enforcement of new rights in the wake of escalating
State activities and furtherance of the demands of justice have led to the establishment
of Tribunals.
The increase in
number of statutory Tribunals mirrors the rise in State activities. Because the
legislation has progressively bestowed benefits on individuals and subjected
their everyday lives to propagating control and management, the scope for dispute
between an individual and the State has emerged.
The social
legislation of the twentieth century demanded tribunals for purely
administrative reasons; they could offer speedier, cheaper and more accessible
justice, essential for the administration of welfare schemes involving large
number of small claims. The process of Courts of law is elaborate, slow and
costly.
The delay in
justice administration is one of the biggest obstacles which have been tackled with
the establishment of Tribunals.
Evolution of Tribunal system in India
Justice Rankin
Committee Report, 1924 suggested various reforms to deal with the pendency
of cases, as delay and backlog of cases had been a problem even in
pre-independence period also.
In 1941 first
Tribunal was established in the form of Income-Tax Appellate Tribunal.
A study Team on
Administrative Tribunals set-up by the
first Administrative Reforms Commission recommended in 1969, the setting
up of Civil Services Tribunals to act as the final adjudicatory authority in
respect of orders inflicting the major punishments of dismissal, removal and
reduction in rank.
Wanchoo
Committee, 1970, recommended for the establishment of Income-Tax
Settlement Commission, to serve as an alternative dispute resolution
body in the administration of fiscal laws, the primary objective of which was
to increase the realisation of revenue.
The High Court
Arrears Committee set up under the chairmanship of Justice J. C. Shah (1969),
recommended for setting up of an independent Tribunal to handle service matters
pending before the High Courts and the Supreme Court.
In its 58th
Report (1974) titled ‘Structure and Jurisdiction of the Higher Judiciary’,
the Law Commission urged that separate high powered Tribunal or Commission
should be set up to deal with the service matters and that approaching the
Courts should be the last resort.
Later on, the Swaran
Singh Committee which was appointed to study, ‘the required changes in fundamental
laws’, recommended in 1976 that the Administrative Tribunals may be set up
under a Central law, both at the State level and at the Centre to decide cases
relating to service matters.
Based on the
recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee, Part XIV-A was added by the
Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, titled as ‘Tribunals’ which
provided for the establishment of ‘Administrative Tribunals’ under Article
323-A and ‘Tribunals for other matters’ under Article 323-B.
The main objective
of establishing Tribunals as set out in the Statement of Objects and Reasons of
The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976 is as under:
‘To reduce the
mounting arrears in High Courts and to secure the speedy disposal of service
matters, revenue matters and certain other matters of special importance in the
context of the socio-economic development and progress, it is considered
expedient to provide for administrative and other tribunals for dealing with
such matters while preserving the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard
to such matters under article 136 of the Constitution.’
With the
enactment of Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, a large number of cases
relating to service matters pending before various Courts were brought within
the jurisdiction of the Tribunals. Administrative Tribunals created under
Article 323A have been freed from technical rules of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
and procedural shackles of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 but, at the same
time, they have been vested with the powers of Civil Court in respect of some
matters including the review of their own decisions and are bound by the
principles of natural justice.
The Act provides
for the establishment of three kinds of administrative Tribunals:
i. The Central
Administrative Tribunal,
ii. The State
Administrative Tribunals and
iii. The Joint
Administrative Tribunals.
The “High Level
Committee on Competition Policy, “headed by S.V.S.
Raghavan, recommended to enact a new law and the setting up of the
Competition Commission of India, which would effectively deal with specified
anti-competitive practices in its ‘adjudicatory effort’ and would have powers
to mete out deterrent punishment to the violators. It was recommended that the
investigative, prosecutorial and adjudicative functions should be separated to
respect the need of judicial independence.In pursuance thereof, the Competition
Act, 2002 was enacted.
The Finance Act,
2017 has merged eight tribunals on the ground of functional similarity and has
given the power to the Government to appoint and remove the members.
Tribunals have
been established with the object of discharging quasi-judicial duties by acting
judicially which differentiates them from other administrative bodies. Tribunals
are endowed with the judicial functions as distinguished from purely
administrative or executive functions. Thus, for the efficient and effective working
of these Tribunals, persons who have served in the higher judiciary should be appointed
in accordance with the principles laid down by the Constitutional Courts.
As a
quasi-judicial body, the Tribunal performs the judicial functions for deciding
the matters in a judicious manner. It is not bound by law to observe all the technicalities,
complexities, refinements, discriminations, and restrictions that are applicable
to the courts of record in conducting trials, but at the same time, a Tribunal is
required to look at all matters from the standpoint of substance as well as
form and be certain that the hearing is conducted and the matter is disposed of
with fairness, honesty, and impartiality.
As a result of the judgement dated 18 March 1997 of the
Supreme Court, the appeals against the orders of an Administrative Tribunal
shall lie before the Division Bench of the concerned High Court.
As the Tribunals
are vested with the judicial powers which had been hitherto vested in or exercised
by Courts, the Tribunals should possess the same independence, security and
capacity which are possessed by the judges. However, if the Tribunals are intended
to serve an area which requires specialised knowledge or expertise, the appointment
of Technical members in addition to judicial members must always be welcomed,
as they can provide an input which may not be available with the judicial members.
The Law
Commission of India persistently suggested that the power of judicial review of
the High Court’s against a judgment of the Tribunal is not only time consuming,
but also expensive and there is always a possibility of various High Courts interpreting
the same statutory provision differently.
List of Tribunals in India
Industrial
Tribunals set up under Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
Railway Rates
Tribunals set up under Indian Railways Act, 1890
Income Tax
Appellate Tribunal set up under Income-Tax Act, 1961
Telecom Disputes
Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT), TRAI Act 1997
Customs, Excise
and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal,under the Customs Act, 1962
Administrative Tribunals
under 1985 Act
The National
Green Tribunal under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010
Inter-State
River Water Disputes tribunal set up under Inter State River Water Disputes
(ISRWD) Act, 1956.
Appellate
tribunal for electricity was setup under 2003 Act
Armed Forces
Tribunal under the Armed Forces Tribunal Act 2007
World military expenditure
World military expenditure grows to $1.8 trillion in 2018
(Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI)
(Stockholm, 29
April 2019) Total world military expenditure rose to $1822 billion in
2018, representing an increase of 2.6 per cent from 2017, according to new
data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). The
five biggest spenders in 2018 were the United States, China, Saudi Arabia,
India and France, which together accounted for 60 per cent of global
military spending. Military spending by the USA increased for the first time
since 2010, while spending by China grew for the 24th consecutive year.
Total global
military spending rose for the second consecutive year in 2018, to the highest
level since 1988—the first year for which consistent global data is available.
World spending is now 76 per cent higher than the post-cold war low in
1998.* World military spending in 2018 represented 2.1 per cent of global
gross domestic product (GDP) or $239 per person. ‘In 2018 the USA and China
accounted for half of the world’s military spending,’ says Dr Nan Tian, a
researcher with the SIPRI Arms and Military Expenditure (AMEX) programme. ‘The
higher level of world military expenditure in 2018 is mainly the result of
significant increases in spending by these two countries.’
The USA and China lead increase in world military expenditure
US military
spending grew—for the first time since 2010—by 4.6 per cent, to reach
$649 billion in 2018. The USA remained by far the largest spender in the
world, and spent almost as much on its military in 2018 as the next eight
largest-spending countries combined. ‘The increase in US spending was driven by
the implementation from 2017 of new arms procurement programmes under the Trump
administration,’ says Dr Aude Fleurant, the director of the SIPRI AMEX
programme.
China, the
second-largest spender in the world, increased its military expenditure by 5.0
per cent to $250 billion in 2018. This was the 24th consecutive year of
increase in Chinese military expenditure. Its spending in 2018 was almost 10
times higher than in 1994, and accounted for 14 per cent of world military
spending. ‘Growth in Chinese military spending tracks the country’s overall
economic growth,’ says Tian. ‘China has allocated 1.9 per cent of its GDP to
the military every year since 2013.’
Three decades of growth in military spending in Asia and Oceania
Military
expenditure in Asia and Oceania has risen every year since 1988. At $507 billion, military spending in the
region accounted for 28 per cent of the global total in 2018, compared
with just 9.0 per cent in 1988.
In 2018 India
increased its military spending by 3.1 per cent to $66.5 billion. Military
expenditure by Pakistan grew by 11 per cent (the same level of growth as in
2017), to reach $11.4 billion in 2018. South Korean military expenditure was
$43.1 billion in 2018—an increase of 5.1 per cent compared with 2017
and the highest annual increase since 2005.
‘The tensions between countries in Asia as well as
between China and the USA are major drivers for the continuing growth of
military spending in the region,’ says Siemon
Wezeman, a senior researcher with the SIPRI AMEX programme.
Increases in Central and East European countries
Several
countries in Central and Eastern Europe made large increases in their military
expenditure in 2018. Spending by Poland rose by 8.9 per cent in 2018 to
$11.6 billion, while Ukraine’s spending was up by 21 per cent to $4.8
billion. Spending by Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania also grew (ranging
from 18 per cent to 24 per cent) in 2018.
‘The increases
in Central and Eastern Europe are largely due to growing perceptions of a
threat from Russia,’ said Pieter Wezeman, a senior researcher with the
SIPRI AMEX programme. ‘This is despite the fact that Russian military spending
has fallen for the past two years.’
At $61.4
billion, Russian military spending was the sixth highest in the world in 2018.
Its spending decreased by 3.5 per cent compared with 2017.
Other notable developments
·
Military
spending in South America rose by 3.1 per cent in 2018. This was mainly due to
the increase in Brazilian spending (by 5.1 per cent), the second increase in as
many years.
·
Military
expenditure in Africa fell by 8.4 per cent in 2018, the fourth consecutive
annual decrease since the peak in spending in 2014. There were major decreases
in spending by Algeria (–6.1 per cent), Angola (–18 per cent) and
Sudan (–49 per cent).
·
Military
spending by states in the Middle East for which data is available fell by
1.9 per cent in 2018.
·
Total military
expenditure by all 29 North Atlantic Treaty Organization members was
$963 billion in 2018, which accounted for 53 per cent of world spending.
·
The largest
absolute increase in spending in 2018 was by the USA ($27.8 billion), while the
biggest decrease was by Saudi Arabia (–$4.6 billion).
·
Military
spending in Turkey increased by 24 per cent in 2018 to $19.0 billion, the
highest annual percentage increase among the world’s top 15 military spenders.
·
Six of the 10
countries with the highest military burden (military spending as a proportion
of GDP) in the world in 2018 are in the Middle East: Saudi Arabia (8.8 per cent
of GDP), Oman (8.2 per cent), Kuwait (5.1 per cent), Lebanon (5.0 per cent),
Jordan (4.7 per cent) and Israel (4.3 per cent).
* All percentage changes are expressed in real terms (constant 2017
prices)
Contact
:
Lakshya Institute
(Estd.2008)
#48-11-10, G1, Komal Arcade,
E-Seva Down Road, Srinagar
Visakhapatnam-530016
Ph: 7730845275, 9298504388,
email: lakshyainstituteeducation@gmail.com
Rural Development Programs
Sabki
Yojana Sabka Vikas
Gram Panchayats have
been mandated for the preparation of Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) for
economic development and social justice utilizing the resources available to
them. The GPDP planning process has to be comprehensive and based on
participatory process which involves the full convergence with Schemes of all
related Central Ministries / Line Departments related to 29 subjects enlisted
in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution. Panchayats have a significant
role to play in the effective and efficient implementation of flagship schemes
on subjects of National Importance for transformation of rural India. The
People's Plan Campaign will commence from 2nd October to 31st December, 2018
for preparing GPDP for 2019-20. The campaign initiated under "Sabki Yojana
Sabka Vikas" will be an intensive and structured exercise for planning at
Gram Sabha through convergence between Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and
concerned Line Departments of the State
Gram
Swaraj Abhiyan
Hon’ble Prime Minister
has announced that on the occasion of Ambedkar Jayanti, a “Gram Swaraj Abhiyan”
could be organised starting from 14th April to 05th May, 2018. The campaign,
undertaken under the name of “Sabka Sath, Sabka Gaon, Sabka Vikas”, is to
promote social harmony, spread awareness about pro-poor initiatives of
government, reach out to poor households to enroll them as also to obtain their
feedback on various welfare programmes. As a special endeavour during the Gram
Swaraj Abhiyan, saturation of eligible households/persons would be made under
seven flagship pro-poor programmes in 21,058* identified villages, namely,
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, Saubhagya, Ujala scheme, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan
Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima
Yojana and Mission Indradhanush.
Disha
The Centre today
announced the formation of District Development Coordination and Monitoring
Committee (DDCMC) to be named “Disha” for effective development coordination of
almost all the programmes of Central Government, whether it is for
infrastructure development or Social and human resource development. Making a
suo-motu statement in the Lok Sabha, the Union Minister of Rural Development,
Panchayati Raj and Drinking Water and Sanitation Shri Narendra Singh Tomar said
that to begin with, these Committees would monitor the implementation of 28
schemes and programmes of Ministry of Rural Development and other Ministries to
promote synergy and convergence for greater impact.
The main purpose of
this committee is to coordinate with Central and State and local Panchayat
Governments, for successful and timely implementation of the schemes.
Deendayal
Antyodaya Yojana
Deendayal Antyodaya
Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) is a flagship programme
of the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) that seeks to alleviate rural
poverty through building sustainable community institutions of the poor. The
centrally sponsored programme is implemented in partnership with the State
governments. The Mission, was launched in 2011as National Rural Livelihoods
Mission.
In 2014, the Government
announced an overarching scheme for uplift of urban and rural poor through
enhancement of livelihood opportunities through skill development and other
means. The scheme has been named as ‘Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana – DAY’. In November 2015, the program was renamed
Deendayal Antayodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM).
NRLM
implementation is in a Mission Mode. This enables (a) shift from the present
allocation based strategy to a demand driven strategyenabling
the states to formulate their own livelihoods-based poverty reduction action
plans, (b) focus on targets, outcomes and time bound delivery, (c) continuous
capacity building, imparting requisite skills and creating linkages with
livelihoods opportunities for the poor, including those emerging in the
organized sector, and (d) monitoring against targets of poverty outcomes. As
NRLM follows a demand driven strategy, the States have the flexibility to develop their livelihoods-based perspective plans
and annual action plans for poverty reduction. The overall
plans would be within the allocation for the state based on inter-se poverty
ratios.
At
least one woman member from each identified rural poor household, is to be
brought under the Self Help Group (SHG) network in a time bound manner. Special
emphasis is particularly on vulnerable communities such as manual scavengers,
victims of human trafficking, Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs),
Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) and bonded labour. NRLM has devised special
strategies to reach out to these communities and help them graduate out of
poverty.
Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana (AGEY)
is a programme to provide safe, affordable and community monitored
transport services to rural areas. The vehicles are owned and operated by
members of Self-Help Group (SHG) networks and operate in regions which are not
served by regular transport services.
Mahila
Kisan Shashaktikaran Pariyojana and Value Chain Initiatives
In order to promote
agro-ecological practices that increase women farmers’ income and reduce their
input costs and risks, the Mission has been implementing the Mahila Kisan
Shashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP). As of March 2018, more than 33 lakh women
farmers were being supported under this scheme. Further, about 8 lakh Mahila
Kisans have been mobilized into 86,000 Producer Groups (PGs) which are
federated into 126 Producer Companies (PCs). These value chain development
initiatives have contributed significantly to the farmers’ income from
agriculture, horticulture, dairying, fisheries and Non-Timber Forest Produce
(NTFP) related activities. Small and marginal farmers producing Maize, Mango,
Floriculture, Dairy, Goatery etc., have benefited significantly through the
value chain interventions across different states.
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana
Enable Poor and
Marginalized to Access Benefits-Demand led skill training at no cost to the r ural
poor
Inclusive Program
Design- Mandatory coverage of socially disadvantaged groups (SC/ST 50%;
Minority 15%; Women 33%)
Shifting Emphasis from
Training to Career Progression- Pioneers in providing incentives for job
retention, career progression and foreign placements
Greater Support for
Placed Candidates -Post-placement support, migration support and alumni network
Proactive Approach to
Build Placement Partnerships-Guaranteed Placement for at least 75% trained
candidates
Enhancing the Capacity of Implementation
Partners-Nurturing new training service providers and developing their skills
Regional Focus-Greater emphasis on projects
for poor rural youth in Jammu and Kashmir (HIMAYAT), the North-East region and
27 Left-Wing Extremist (LWE) districts (ROSHINI)
Standards-led Delivery-All program activities
are subject to Standard Operating Procedures that are not open to
interpretation by local inspectors. All inspections are supported by
geo-tagged, time stamped videos/photographs
DDU-GKY follows a
3-tier implementation model. The DDU-GKY
National Unit at MoRD functions as the policy-making, technical support and
facilitation agency. The DDU-GKY State
Missions provide implementation support; and the Project Implementing Agencies
(PIAs) implement the programme through skilling and placement projects.
DDU-GKY provides
funding support for placement linked skilling projects that address the market
demand with funding support ranging from Rs. 25,696 to over Rs. 1 lakh per
person, depending on the duration of the project and whether the project is
residential or non-residential.
Funding components
include support for training costs, boarding and lodging (residential
programmes), transportation costs, post-placement support costs, career
progression and retention support costs.
Pradhan
Mantri Awaas Yojana –Gramin
In view of Government’s
commitment to providing “Housing for All’’ by the scheme 2022, the IAY has been
re-structured into Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana –Gramin (PMAY-G) w.e.f. 1st
April 2016.. PMAY-G aims at providing a pucca house, with basic amenities, to
all houseless householder and those households living in kutcha and dilapidated
house, by 2022. The immediate the objective is to cover 1.00 crore household
living in kutcha house/dilapidated house in three years from 2016-17 to 2018-
19.The minimum size of the house has been increased to 25 sq.mt (from20sq.mt)
with a hygienic cooking space. The unit assistance has been increased from Rs.
70,000 to Rs. 1.20 lakh in plain and from Rs75,000 to Rs 1.30 lakh in hilly
states, difficult areas and IAP district. The beneficiary is entitled to 90.95
person day of unskilled labour from MGNREGS. The assistance for construction of
toilet shall be leveraged though convergence with SBM-G, MGNREGS or any other
dedicated the source of funding. Convergence for piped drinking water,
electricity connection, LPG gas connection etc. different Government
programmers are also to be attempted.
The cost of unit
assistance is to be shared between Central and State Government in the ratio
60:40 in plain areas and 90:10 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States.
Green
Technology in PMGSY
In order to encourage
locally available materials and use of green technologies for construction of
road under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), guidelines were issued by
the Ministry, wherein the State Governments are required to propose minimum 15%
of total length of annual proposals under New technologies such as Cement
stabilization, Lime stabilization, Cold mix, Waste plastics, Cell filled
concrete, Paneled cement concrete pavement, Fly ash etc.
Implementation of PMGSY
The Union Finance
Minister in his Budget Speech for the year 2018-19 announced that “Task of
connecting all eligible habitations with an all-weather road has been
substantially completed, with the target date brought forward to March, 2019
from March 2022. It is now time to strengthen and widen its ambit further to
include major link routes which connect habitations to agricultural and rural
markets (GrAMs), higher secondary schools and hospitals. Prime Minister Gram
Sadak Yojana Phase-III will include such linkages”.
National
Social Assistance Programme
The National Social
Assistance Programme(NSAP) which came into effect from 15th August,1995 represents
a significant step towards the fulfillment of the Directive Principles in
Article 41 of the Constitution. The programme introduced a National Policy for
Social Assistance for the poor and aims at ensuring minimum national standard
for social assistance in addition to the benefits that states are currently
providing or might provide in future. NSAP at present, comprises of Indira
Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS), Indira Gandhi National Widow
Pension Scheme (IGNWPS), Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme
(IGNDPS), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) and Annapurna.
Shyama
Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission
Shyama Prasad Mukherji
Rurban Mission to drive economic, social and infrastructure development in
rural areas .
In an ambitious bid to
transform rural areas to economically, socially and physically sustainable
spaces, the Union Cabinet approved the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission
(SPMRM) with an outlay of Rs. 5142.08 crores.
The Mission aims at
development of rural growth clusters which have latent potential for growth, in
all States and UTs, which would trigger overall development in the region.
These clusters would be developed by provisioning of economic activities,
developing skills & local entrepreneurship and providing infrastructure
amenities. The Rurban Mission will thus develop a cluster of Smart Villages.
The Shyama Prasad
Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) is under implementation across the country. The
Mission has progressed since the launch in 2016. Out of the mandated 300
clusters, 295 clusters have been identified and approved across 29 States and 6
Union Territories. SPMRM was launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on February
21st, 2016. This is a unique programme, designed to deliver catalytic interventions
to rural areas on the threshold of growth. There is a funding support of up to
30% of the estimated investment for each Rurban cluster, given as Critical Gap
Funding (CGF), while 70% of the funds is mobilized by the States through
convergence with synergic State and Central programmes as well as private
investment and institutional funding. Upon being re-classified as a Centrally
Sponsored Scheme, the CGF is now shared between the Centre and the State in a
ratio of 60:40 for Plain area States and 90:10 for Himalayan and NE States.
Saansad
Adarsh Gram Yojana
Saansad Adarsh Gram
Yojana, SAGY, under which each Member of Parliament will take the
responsibility of developing physical and institutional infrastructure in three
villages by 2019. The goal is to develop three Adarsh Grams or model villages
by March 2019, of which one would be achieved by 2016. Thereafter, five such
Adarsh Grams (one per year) will be selected and developed by 2024. The Project
was launched on the occasion of birth anniversary of Lok Nayak Jai Prakash
Narayan in 2014,aims to keep the soul of rural India alive while providing its
people with quality access to basic amenities and opportunities to enable them
to shape their own destiny. Inspired by the principles and values of Mahatma Gandhi,
the Scheme places equal stress on nurturing values of national pride,
patriotism, community spirit, self-confidence and on developing infrastructure.
It envisages integrated
development of the selected village across multiple areas such as agriculture,
health, education, sanitation, environment, livelihoods etc. Far beyond mere
infrastructure development, SAGY aims at instilling certain values, such as
people’s participation, Antyodaya, gender equality, dignity of women, social
justice, spirit of community service, cleanliness, eco-friendliness,
maintaining ecological balance, peace and harmony, mutual cooperation,
self-reliance, local self-government, transparency and accountability in public
life, etc., in the villages and their people so that they get transformed into
models for others.
Rashtriya
Gram Swaraj Abhiyan
The Finance Minister,
in his budget speech for 2016-17, announced the launch of new restructured
scheme of Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA), for developing and
strengthening the capacities of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for rural
local governance to become more responsive towards local development needs,
preparing the participatory plans that leverage technology, efficient and
optimum utilization of available resources for realizing sustainable solutions
to local problems linked to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The key
principles of SDGs, i.e. leaving no one behind, reaching the farthest first and
universal coverage, along with gender equality will be embedded in the design
of all capacity building interventions including trainings, training modules
and materials.
In his Budget Speech
for 2017-18, the Finance Minister announced to undertake a Mission Antyodaya to
bring one crore households out of poverty to make 50,000 Gram Panchayats
poverty free. Accordingly, convergent action with Mission Antyodaya has been
integrated into this scheme.
Protected Areas of India
Protected Areas of India
Protected areas are those in which
human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited. The
definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks
has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
in its categorization guidelines for protected areas. There are several kinds
of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling
laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations
involved. The term "protected area" also includes Marine Protected
Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Transboundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the
borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
What is a National Park
An area, whether within a sanctuary
or not, can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National
Park, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or
zoological association or importance, needed to for the purpose of protecting
& propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment. No human
activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by
the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state under the conditions given in CHAPTER
IV, WPA 1972.
There are 104 existing national
parks in India covering an area of 40,501 km2, which is 1.23% of the
geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database, Aug. 2018). In
addition to the above 75 National Parks covering an area of 16,608 km2 are
proposed in the Protected Area Network Report (Rodgers & Panwar 1988). The
network of parks will go up 179 after full implementation of the above report.
State-wise
break up of National Parks (September, 2018)
|
Name of
State & Union Territory
|
State Area km²
|
No. of
NPs
|
Area km²
|
% of
State Area
|
|
1. Andhra Pradesh
|
1,60,205
|
3
|
356.02
|
0.22
|
|
2. Arunachal Pradesh
|
83,743
|
2
|
2,290.82
|
2.74
|
|
3. Assam
|
78,438
|
5
|
1,977.79
|
2.52
|
|
4. Bihar
|
94,163
|
1
|
335.65
|
0.36
|
|
5. Chhattisgarh
|
1,35,191
|
3
|
2,899.08
|
2.14
|
|
6. Goa
|
3,702
|
1
|
107.00
|
2.89
|
|
7. Gujarat
|
1,96,022
|
4
|
480.12
|
0.24
|
|
8. Haryana
|
44,212
|
2
|
48.25
|
0.11
|
|
9. Himachal Pradesh
|
55,673
|
5
|
2,271.38
|
4.08
|
|
10. Jammu & Kashmir
|
2,22,236
|
4
|
3,925.00
|
1.77
|
|
11. Jharkhand
|
79,714
|
1
|
226.33
|
0.28
|
|
12. Karnataka
|
1,91,791
|
5
|
2,795.76
|
1.46
|
|
13. Kerala
|
38,863
|
6
|
558.16
|
1.44
|
|
14. Madhya Pradesh
|
3,08,245
|
10
|
3,657.26
|
1.19
|
|
15. Maharashtra
|
3,07,713
|
6
|
1,273.60
|
0.41
|
|
16. Manipur
|
22,327
|
1
|
40.00
|
0.18
|
|
17. Meghalaya
|
22,429
|
2
|
267.48
|
1.19
|
|
18. Mizoram
|
21,081
|
2
|
150.00
|
0.71
|
|
19. Nagaland
|
16,579
|
1
|
202.02
|
1.22
|
|
20. Odisha
|
1,55,707
|
2
|
990.70
|
0.64
|
|
21. Punjab
|
50,362
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
22. Rajasthan
|
3,42,239
|
5
|
3,947.07
|
1.15
|
|
23. Sikkim
|
7,096
|
1
|
1,784.00
|
25.14
|
|
24. Tamil Nadu
|
1,30,058
|
5
|
307.85
|
0.24
|
|
25. Telangana
|
1,14,840
|
3
|
1,032.47
|
0.90
|
|
26. Tripura
|
10,486
|
2
|
36.71
|
0.35
|
|
27. Uttar Pradesh
|
2,40,928
|
1
|
490.00
|
0.20
|
|
28. Uttarakhand
|
53,483
|
6
|
4,915.02
|
9.19
|
|
29. West Bengal
|
88,752
|
6
|
1,981.65
|
2.23
|
|
30. Andaman & Nicobar
|
8,249
|
9
|
1,153.94
|
13.99
|
|
31. Chandigarh
|
114
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
32. Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|
491
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
33. Daman & Diu
|
112
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
34. Delhi
|
1,483
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
35. Lakshadweep
|
32
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
36. Pondicherry
|
480
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
Total
|
32,87,263
|
104
|
40,501
|
1.23
|
(Source:
Wildlife Institute of India)
List
of National Parks (July, 2018)
|
S.
No.
|
Name
of State/ Protected Area
|
Year
of Establishment
|
Area
(km2)
|
District(s)
|
|
|
Andaman
& Nicobar Islands
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Campbell Bay NP
|
1992
|
426.23
|
Nicobar
|
|
2
|
Galathea Bay NP
|
1992
|
110.00
|
Nicobar
|
|
3
|
Mahatama Gandhi Marine (Wandoor)
NP
|
1983
|
281.50
|
Andaman
|
|
4
|
Middle Button Island NP
|
1987
|
0.44
|
Andaman
|
|
5
|
Mount Harriett NP
|
1987
|
46.62
|
Andaman
|
|
6
|
North Button Island NP
|
1987
|
0.44
|
Andaman
|
|
7
|
Rani Jhansi Marine NP
|
1996
|
256.14
|
Andaman
|
|
8
|
Saddle Peak NP
|
1987
|
32.54
|
Andaman
|
|
9
|
South Button Island NP
|
1987
|
0.03
|
Andaman
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Andhra
Pradesh
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Papikonda NP
|
2008
|
1012.86
|
East
& West Godavari
|
|
2
|
Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) NP
|
2005
|
2.40
|
Kadapa
|
|
3
|
Sri Venkateswara NP
|
1989
|
353.62
|
Chittoor
& Cuddapah
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Arunachal
Pradesh
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Mouling NP
|
1986
|
483.00
|
Upper
Siang
|
|
2
|
Namdapha NP
|
1983
|
1807.82
|
Changlang
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assam
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Dibru-Saikhowa NP
|
1999
|
340.00
|
Tinsukia
& Dibrugarh
|
|
2
|
Kaziranga NP
|
1974
|
858.98
|
Golaghat,
Nagaon & Sonitpur
|
|
3
|
Manas NP
|
1990
|
500.00
|
Barpeta
& Bongaigaon
|
|
4
|
Nameri NP
|
1998
|
200.00
|
Sonitpur
|
|
5
|
Rajiv Gandhi Orang NP
|
1999
|
78.81
|
Darrang
& Sonitpur
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bihar
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Valmiki NP
|
1989
|
335.65
|
West
Champaran
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chhattisgarh
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) NP
|
1981
|
1440.71
|
Surguja
& Koria
|
|
2
|
Indravati (Kutru) NP
|
1982
|
1258.37
|
Dantewada
|
|
3
|
Kanger Valley NP
|
1982
|
200.00
|
Bastar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Goa
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Mollem NP
|
1992
|
107.00
|
North
Goa
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gujarat
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Vansda NP
|
1979
|
23.99
|
Navasari
|
|
2
|
Blackbuck (Velavadar) NP
|
1976
|
34.53
|
Bhavnagar
|
|
3
|
Gir NP
|
1975
|
258.71
|
Junagadh
|
|
4
|
Marine (Gulf of Kachchh) NP
|
1982
|
162.89
|
Jamnagar
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
|
|
|
Haryana
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Kalesar NP
|
2003
|
46.82
|
Yamuna
Nagar
|
|
2
|
Sultanpur NP
|
1989
|
1.43
|
Gurgaon
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Great Himalayan NP
|
1984
|
754.40
|
Kullu
|
|
2
|
Inderkilla NP
|
2010
|
104.00
|
Kullu
|
|
3
|
Khirganga NP
|
2010
|
710.00
|
Kullu
|
|
4
|
Pin Valley NP
|
1987
|
675.00
|
Lahul
& Spiti
|
|
5
|
Simbalbara NP
|
2010
|
27.88
|
Sirmaur
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jammu
& Kashmir
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
City Forest (Salim Ali) NP
|
1992
|
9.00
|
Srinagar
|
|
2
|
Dachigam NP
|
1981
|
141.00
|
Srinagar
& Pulwama
|
|
3
|
Hemis NP
|
1981
|
3350.00
|
Leh
|
|
4
|
Kishtwar NP
|
1981
|
425.00
|
Kishtwar
& Doda
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jharkhand
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Betla NP
|
1986
|
226.33
|
Latehar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Karnataka
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Anshi NP
|
1987
|
417.34
|
Uttara
Kannada
|
|
2
|
Bandipur NP
|
1974
|
874.20
|
Mysore
& Chamarajanagar
|
|
3
|
Bannerghatta NP
|
1974
|
260.51
|
Bangalore
|
|
4
|
Kudremukh NP
|
1987
|
600.32
|
Dakshin
Kannada, Udipi & Chikmagalur
|
|
5
|
Nagarahole (Rajiv Gandhi) NP
|
1988
|
643.39
|
Kodagu
& Mysore
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kerala
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Anamudi Shola NP
|
2003
|
7.50
|
Idukki
|
|
2
|
Eravikulam NP
|
1978
|
97.00
|
Idukki
|
|
3
|
Mathikettan Shola NP
|
2003
|
12.82
|
Idukki
|
|
4
|
Pambadum Shola NP
|
2003
|
1.32
|
Idukki
|
|
5
|
Periyar NP
|
1982
|
350.00
|
Idukki
& Quilon
|
|
6
|
Silent Valley NP
|
1984
|
89.52
|
Palakkad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Madhya
Pradesh
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Bandhavgarh NP
|
1968
|
448.85
|
Umaria
& Katni
|
|
2
|
Fossil NP
|
1983
|
0.27
|
Mandla
|
|
6
|
Indira Priyadarshini Pench NP
|
1975
|
292.85
|
Seoni
& Chhindwara
|
|
3
|
Kanha NP
|
1955
|
940.00
|
Mandla,
Balaghat & Dindori
|
|
4
|
Madhav NP
|
1959
|
375.22
|
Shivpuri
|
|
5
|
Panna NP
|
1981
|
542.67
|
Panna
& Chhatarpur
|
|
7
|
Sanjay NP
|
1981
|
466.88
|
Sidhi
|
|
8
|
Satpura NP
|
1981
|
585.17
|
Hoshangabad
|
|
9
|
Van Vihar NP
|
1979
|
4.45
|
Bhopal
|
|
10
|
Dinosaur NP
|
2011
|
0.8974
|
Dhar
district, MP
|
|
|
Maharashtra
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Chandoli NP
|
2004
|
317.67
|
Sangli,
Satara, Kolhapur, Ratnagiri
|
|
2
|
Gugamal NP
|
1975
|
361.28
|
Amravati
|
|
3
|
Nawegaon NP
|
1975
|
133.88
|
Bhandara
(Gondia)
|
|
4
|
Pench (Jawaharlal Nehru) NP
|
1975
|
257.26
|
Nagpur
|
|
5
|
Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli) NP
|
1983
|
86.96
|
Thane
& Mumbai
|
|
6
|
Tadoba NP
|
1955
|
116.55
|
Chandrapur
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Manipur
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Keibul-Lamjao NP
|
1977
|
40.00
|
Bishnupur
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Meghalaya
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Balphakram NP
|
1985
|
220.00
|
South
Garo Hills
|
|
2
|
Nokrek Ridge NP
|
1986
|
47.48
|
East
Garo Hills
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mizoram
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Murlen NP
|
1991
|
100.00
|
Champhai
|
|
2
|
Phawngpui Blue Mountain NP
|
1992
|
50.00
|
Lawngtlai
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nagaland
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Intanki NP
|
1993
|
202.02
|
Dimapur
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Odisha
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Bhitarkanika NP
|
1988
|
145.00
|
Kendrapara
|
|
2
|
Simlipal NP
|
1980
|
845.70
|
Mayurbhanj
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rajasthan
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Mukundra Hills NP
|
2006
|
200.54
|
Kota
& Chittourgarh
|
|
2
|
Desert NP
|
1992
|
3162.00
|
Barmer
& Jaisalmer
|
|
3
|
Keoladeo Ghana NP
|
1981
|
28.73
|
Bharatpur
|
|
4
|
Ranthambhore NP
|
1980
|
282.00
|
Sawai
Madhopur
|
|
5
|
Sariska NP
|
1992
|
273.80
|
Alwar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sikkim
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Khangchendzonga NP
|
1977
|
1784.00
|
North
Sikkim
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tamil
Nadu
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Guindy NP
|
1976
|
2.82
|
Chennai
|
|
2
|
Gulf of Mannar Marine NP
|
1980
|
6.23
|
Ramanathpuram
& Tuticorin
|
|
3
|
Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) NP
|
1989
|
117.10
|
Coimbatore
|
|
4
|
Mudumalai NP
|
1990
|
103.23
|
Nilgiris
|
|
5
|
Mukurthi NP
|
1990
|
78.46
|
Nilgiris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telangana
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy NP
|
1994
|
1.43
|
Hyderabad
|
|
2
|
Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali NP
|
1994
|
14.59
|
Ranga
Reddy
|
|
3
|
Mrugavani NP
|
1994
|
3.60
|
Ranga
Reddy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tripura
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Clouded Leopard NP
|
2007
|
5.08
|
West
Tripura
|
|
2
|
Bison (Rajbari) NP
|
2007
|
31.63
|
South
Tripura
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uttar
Pradesh
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Dudhwa NP
|
1977
|
490.00
|
Lakhimpur-Kheri
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uttarakhand
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Corbett NP
|
1936
|
520.82
|
Nainital
& Pauri Garhwal
|
|
2
|
Gangotri NP
|
1989
|
2390.02
|
Uttarkashi
|
|
3
|
Govind NP
|
1990
|
472.08
|
Uttarkashi
|
|
4
|
Nanda Devi NP
|
1982
|
624.60
|
Chamoli
|
|
5
|
Rajaji NP
|
1983
|
820.00
|
Dehradun,
Pauri Garhwal & Haridwar
|
|
6
|
Valley of Flowers NP
|
1982
|
87.50
|
Chamoli
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
West
Bengal
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Buxa NP
|
1992
|
117.10
|
Jalpaiguri
|
|
2
|
Gorumara NP
|
1992
|
79.45
|
Jalpaiguri
|
|
3
|
Jaldapara NP
|
2014
|
216.51
|
Jalpaiguri
|
|
4
|
Neora Valley NP
|
1986
|
159.89
|
Darjeeling
|
|
5
|
Singalila NP
|
1986
|
78.60
|
Darjeeling
|
|
6
|
Sunderban NP
|
1984
|
1330.10
|
North
& South 24-Paraganas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is
Wildlife Sanctuary
Any area other
than area comprised with any reserve forest or the territorial waters can be
notified by the State Government to constitute as a sanctuary if such area is
of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural. or
zoological significance, for the purpose of protecting, propagating or
developing wildlife or its environment. Some restricted human activities are
allowed inside the Sanctuary area details of which are given in CHAPTER IV, WPA
1972.
There are 551
existing wildlife sanctuaries in India covering an area of 118,918 km2,
which is 3.64 % of the geographical area of the country .
What is
Conservation Reserves
Conservation
reserves and community reserves in India are terms denoting protected areas of
India which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration
corridors between established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved
and protected forests of India. Such areas are designated as conservation areas
if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the Government of India but
used for subsistence by communities and community areas if part of the lands
are privately owned.
These protected
area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment
Act of 2002 − the amendment to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. These
categories were added because of reduced protection in and around existing or
proposed protected areas due to private ownership of land, and land use.
What is Community Reserves
Conservation reserves and community
reserves in India are terms denoting protected areas of India which typically
act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between
established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected
forests of India.
Such areas are designated as
conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the
Government of India but used for subsistence by communities and community areas
if part of the lands are privately owned.
These protected
area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment
Act of 2002 − the amendment to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
These categories
were added because of reduced protection in and around existing or proposed
protected areas due to private ownership of land, and land use.
What is
Marine Protected Areas
A marine
protected area (MPA) is essentially a space in the ocean where human activities
are more strictly regulated than the surrounding waters - similar to parks we
have on land. These places are given special protections for natural or
historic marine resources by local, state, territorial, native, regional, or
national authorities.
Marine Protected Areas in peninsular India-25
Marine Protected Areas in Islands of India-106
What is Biosphere
Reserve
Biosphere reserves are
sites established by countries and recognized under UNESCO's Man and the
Biosphere (MAB) Programme to promote sustainable development based on local
community efforts and sound science.The programme of Biosphere Reserve was
initiated by UNESCO in 1971. The purpose of the formation of the biosphere
reserve is to conserve in situ all forms of life, along with its support
system, in its totality, so that it could serve as a referral system for
monitoring and evaluating changes in natural ecosystems. The first biosphere
reserve of the world was established in 1979, since then the network of
biosphere reserves has increased to 631 in 119 countries across the world (Read
more at
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/).
Presently, there are 18
notified biosphere reserves in India.
Biosphere Reserves in India (as on Dec, 2014)
|
S. No.
|
Name
|
Date of
Notification |
Area (in km2)
|
Location (State)
|
|
1
|
Nilgiri
|
01.09.1986
|
5520
(Core 1240 & Buffer 4280) |
Part
of Wayanad, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Madumalai, Nilambur, Silent Valley and
Siruvani hills (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka).
|
|
2
|
Nanda
Devi
|
18.01.1988
|
5860.69
(Core 712.12, Buffer 5,148.570) & T. 546.34) |
Part
of Chamoli, Pithoragarh, and Bageshwar districts (Uttarakhand).
|
|
3
|
Nokrek
|
01.09.1988
|
820
(Core 47.48 & Buffer 227.92, Transition Zone 544.60) |
Part
of Garo hills (Meghalaya).
|
|
4
|
Great
Nicobar
|
06.01.1989
|
885 (Core
705 & Buffer 180)
|
Southern
most islands of Andaman And Nicobar (A&N Islands).
|
|
5
|
Gulf
of Mannar
|
18.02.1989
|
10,500 km2
Total Gulf area (area of Islands 5.55 km2) |
Indian
part of Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka (Tamil Nadu).
|
|
6
|
Manas
|
14.03.1989
|
2837
(Core 391 & Buffer 2,446) |
Part
of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamprup and Darang districts
(Assam)
|
|
7
|
Sunderbans
|
29.03.1989
|
9630
(Core 1700 & Buffer 7900) |
Part
of delta of Ganges and Brahamaputra river system
(West Bengal). |
|
8
|
Simlipal
|
21.06.1994
|
4374
(Core 845, Buffer 2129 & Transition 1400 |
Part
of Mayurbhanj district (Orissa).
|
|
9
|
Dibru-Saikhowa
|
28.07.1997
|
765
(Core 340 & Buffer 425) |
Part
of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia Districts (Assam)
|
|
10
|
Dehang-Dibang
|
02.09.1998
|
5111.50
(Core 4094.80 &Buffer 1016.70) |
Part
of Siang and Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh.
|
|
11
|
Pachmarhi
|
03.03.1999
|
4926
|
Parts
of Betul, Hoshangabad and Chindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh.
|
|
12
|
Khangchendzonga
|
07.02.2000
|
2619.92
(Core 1819.34 & Buffer 835.92) |
Parts
of Khangchendzonga hills and Sikkim.
|
|
13
|
Agasthyamalai
|
12.11.2001
|
1828
|
Neyyar,
Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries and their adjoining areas
in Kerala.
|
|
14
|
Achanakamar
- Amarkantak
|
30.3.2005
|
3835.51
(Core 551.55 & Buffer 3283.86) |
Covers
parts of Anupur and Dindori districts of M.P. and parts of Bilaspur districts
of Chhattishgarh State.
|
|
15
|
Kachchh
|
29.01.2008
|
12,454 km2
|
Part
of Kachchh, Rajkot, Surendra Nagar and Patan Civil Districts of Gujarat State
|
|
16
|
Cold
Desert
|
28.08.2009
|
7770
|
Pin
Valley National Park and surroundings; Chandratal and Sarchu&Kibber
Wildlife Sancturary in Himachal Pradesh
|
|
17
|
Seshachalam
Hills
|
20.09.2010
|
4755.997
|
Seshachalam
Hill Ranges covering parts of Chittoor and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh
|
|
18
|
Panna
|
25.08.2011
|
2998.98
|
Part
of Panna and Chhattarpur districts in Madhya Pradesh
|
Source: Wildlife Institute of India
What is RAMSAR Wetland Sites
The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the
conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, recognizing the
fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural,
scientific, and recreational value.
RAMSAR WETLANDS SITES (Updated on May, 2019)
|
Sl. No.
|
Name of Site
|
State Location
|
Date of Declaration
|
Area
(in Sq. km.) |
|
1
|
Asthamudi Wetland
|
Kerala
|
19.8.2002
|
614
|
|
2
|
Bhitarkanika Mangroves
|
Orissa
|
19.8.2002
|
650
|
|
3
|
Bhoj Wetlands
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
19.8.2002
|
32.01
|
|
4
|
Chandertal Wetland
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
8.11.2005
|
0.49
|
|
5
|
Chilka Lake
|
Orissa
|
1.10.1981
|
1165
|
|
6
|
Deepor Beel
|
Assam
|
19.8.2002
|
40
|
|
7
|
East Calcutta Wetlands
|
West Bengal
|
19.8.2002
|
125
|
|
8
|
Harike Lake
|
Punjab
|
23.3.1990
|
41
|
|
9
|
Hokera Wetland
|
Jammu and Kashmir
|
8.11.2005
|
13.75
|
|
10
|
Kanjli Lake
|
Punjab
|
22.1.2002
|
1.83
|
|
11
|
Keoladeo Ghana NP
|
Rajasthan
|
1.10.1981
|
28.73
|
|
12
|
Kolleru Lake
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
19.8.2002
|
901
|
|
13
|
Loktak Lake
|
Manipur
|
23.3.1990
|
266
|
|
14
|
Nalsarovar Bird
Sanctuary
|
Gujarat
|
24/09/12
|
120
|
|
15
|
Point Calimere
|
Tamil Nadu
|
19.8.2002
|
385
|
|
16
|
Pong Dam Lake
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
19.8.2002
|
156.62
|
|
17
|
Renuka Wetland
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
8.11.2005
|
0.2
|
|
18
|
Ropar Lake
|
Punjab
|
22.1.2002
|
13.65
|
|
19
|
Rudrasagar Lake
|
Tripura
|
8.11.2005
|
2.4
|
|
20
|
Sambhar Lake
|
Rajasthan
|
23.3.1990
|
240
|
|
21
|
Sasthamkotta Lake
|
Kerala
|
19.8.2002
|
3.73
|
|
22
|
Sunderbans Wetland
|
West Bengal
|
30.1.2019
|
4230
|
|
23
|
Surinsar-Mansar Lakes
|
Jammu and Kashmir
|
8.11.2005
|
3.5
|
|
24
|
Tsomoriri Lake
|
Jammu and Kashmir
|
19.8.2002
|
120
|
|
25
|
Upper Ganga
River
(Brijghat to Narora Stretch) |
Uttar Pradesh
|
8.11.2005
|
265.9
|
|
26
|
Vembanad Kol Wetland
|
Kerala
|
19.8.2002
|
1512.5
|
|
27
|
Wular Lake
|
Jammu & Kashmir
|
23.3.1990
|
189
|
|
|
|
Total Area (in Sq. km.)
|
11121.31
|
|
(Source:
Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India)
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